What Is A Watershed? and drought

The lingering impact is felt in the lack of quality seeds in the subsequent season. 1.7. Impact Analysis In the industrial sector, agro-based industries are directly affected. Lower domestic production of agriculture based inputs for agroprocessing units reduces non-agricultural production and employment opportunities. Availability of water for domestic consumption also diminishes. This has implications for health and household activities, including substantial increase in the time spent on collecting water. As water becomes scarce, competition among and within sectors usually increases. Droughts have other important implications for government policies, as it reduces tax revenues through declines in income, employment and exports. On the expenditure side, the government is faced with increased expenditure on relief, social welfare, health and water supplies, consumption-related subsidies on food distribution, and the logistical costs of droughtrelated imports. The law and order structure is put under greater pressure by a rise in crime, in turn associated with temporary unemployment, migration and increased destitution. In addition, there are likely to be pressures for the increased provision of subsidies and credit to the affected productive sectors, 7 Status and Context including public utilities. Increased budgetary pressures, resulting from lower revenues and higher expenditure, are usually met by either external and internal borrowings, higher taxes or the imposition of new taxes. Also, reallocation of planned government expenditure might occur, within or among sectors and also, between capital and recurrent spending with attendant opportunity costs. Droughts have a range of indirect, secondary effects as well. Generally, the secondary impact is on regional inequality, employment, trade deficits, external debt and inflation. The micro level impact at village and household levels, are equally important. Drought may result in a considerable intensification of household food insecurity, water related health risks and loss of livelihoods in the agricultural sector.

Integrated watershed management program = DDP + DPAP + IWDP

Hanumantha rao committee report aka haryali guidelines -- from compartmentalized top down and blue print approach to participatory model and bottom up.

kothapally in Andhra pradesh an international case study for successful implementation

With its legal framework and rights-based approach, NREGA provides employment to those who demand it and is a paradigm shift from earlier programmes. Notified on September 7, 2005, NREGA aims at enhancing livelihood security by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment, in a financial year, to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The primary objective of this Act is augmenting wage employment. The choice of work suggested in the Act address causes of chronic poverty like drought, deforestation and soil erosion, so that the process of employment generation is maintained on a sustainable basis. The Act acts as a significant vehicle for strengthening decentralization and deepening processes of democracy by authorising local governance bodies, that is, the Panchayati Raj Institutions.

convergence of Nrega

Substantial public investments are being made for strengthening of rural economy and livelihood base of the poor, especially the marginalised groups like SC/STs and women. To effectively address the issue of poverty alleviation, there is a need to optimise efforts through inter-sectoral approaches. The convergence of different programmes like: Watershed Programmes, National Agriculture Development Programme (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana), National Horticulture Mission, Scheme of Artificial Recharge of Ground Water through Dug well, BRGF, with NREGA will enable better planning and effective investments in rural areas. This convergence will bring in synergies between different government programmes/schemes in terms of planning, process and implementation. This will also facilitate sustainable development.